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Why LLM Safety Guardrails Collapse After Fine-tuning: A Similarity Analysis Between Alignment and Fine-tuning Datasets

Authors: Lei Hsiung, Tianyu Pang, Yung-Chen Tang, Linyue Song, Tsung-Yi Ho, Pin-Yu Chen, Yaoqing Yang

Published: 2025-06-05

arXiv ID: 2506.05346v1

Added to Library: 2025-06-06 05:00 UTC

Red Teaming Safety

📄 Abstract

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have underscored their vulnerability to safety alignment jailbreaks, particularly when subjected to downstream fine-tuning. However, existing mitigation strategies primarily focus on reactively addressing jailbreak incidents after safety guardrails have been compromised, removing harmful gradients during fine-tuning, or continuously reinforcing safety alignment throughout fine-tuning. As such, they tend to overlook a critical upstream factor: the role of the original safety-alignment data. This paper therefore investigates the degradation of safety guardrails through the lens of representation similarity between upstream alignment datasets and downstream fine-tuning tasks. Our experiments demonstrate that high similarity between these datasets significantly weakens safety guardrails, making models more susceptible to jailbreaks. Conversely, low similarity between these two types of datasets yields substantially more robust models and thus reduces harmfulness score by up to 10.33%. By highlighting the importance of upstream dataset design in the building of durable safety guardrails and reducing real-world vulnerability to jailbreak attacks, these findings offer actionable insights for fine-tuning service providers.

🔍 Key Points

  • Identification of representation similarity between upstream alignment data and downstream fine-tuning tasks as a critical factor affecting the robustness of large language model (LLM) safety guardrails.
  • Demonstration through experiments that high similarity between datasets significantly increases vulnerability to jailbreak attacks, with reductions in harmfulness scores by up to 10.33% from low-similarity configurations.
  • Proposed an actionable method for selecting safety-alignment data subsets based on similarity metrics, which enhances model safety and security during fine-tuning.
  • Findings reveal that existing safety alignment methods may overlook critical upstream dataset design implications, suggesting a shift towards proactive design strategies for alignment datasets.
  • Introduces the potential for enhanced model selection pipelines that incorporate representation similarity metrics to mitigate risks during the fine-tuning process.

💡 Why This Paper Matters

This paper is important as it highlights a previously underexplored area in LLM safety— the impact of upstream alignment dataset characteristics on downstream performance. By revealing how dataset design can directly influence the durability of safety guardrails, it paves the way for more effective safety strategies in the development and deployment of LLMs, ensuring they are more resilient against exploitation and misuse.

🎯 Why It's Interesting for AI Security Researchers

This paper is of significant interest to AI security researchers as it addresses a key vulnerability in the deployment of LLMs— their susceptibility to jailbreaking through fine-tuning with similar datasets. The findings emphasize the need for a deeper understanding of dataset characteristics in developing robust AI systems. It introduces novel methodologies for dataset evaluation and selection, offering practical implications for enhancing the safety and security of AI applications.

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